中国农村居民点布局优化研究综述

Review of Research on Layout Optimization of Rural Settlements in China

当前中国农村正步入转型发展的新阶段,在社会主义新农村建设、快速城镇化、城乡一体化、农村土地综合整治等推动下,农村土地利用面临着巨大的压力和挑战,尤其是各类规划与整理的实施深刻地影响着农村居民点的布局形态与优化调整。在此背景下,农村居民点布局优化研究作为推动农村转型发展的重要内容日益受到重视,研究丰度、深度和广度不断加强,有必要对这些研究成果进行系统梳理和总结,以指明中国相关研究未来发展方向。本文在查阅大量相关文献的基础上,首先将中国农村居民点布局优化研究历程归纳为:西方乡村地理学影响下的农村聚落景观描述阶段、人民公社化运动背景下的感性认知阶段、农村聚落地理学视野下的理论框架构建阶段、乡村转型发展驱动下的居民点空间理性重构阶段等4个阶段。其次,从居民点布局优化研究的相关理论、区位评价与影响因素、形态特征、布局演化及驱动机制、布局优化策略以及研究技术方法 6个方面对其进行归纳和总结。最后,在与国际相关研究比较的基础上提出未来中国农村居民点布局优化的重点研究领域应当集中在:制度变革背景下的农村居民点布局优化理论框架的完善;城乡一体化引导下的农村居民点用地空间重配与体系重构;规划与整理推动下的农村居民点空间要素的细化与深入分析;资源约束与生态可持续发展下的农村居民点增长边界控制;GIS技术支持下的农村居民点时空演变机理探索与趋势预测;多学科融合视角下的综合性分析与研究成果的应用性研究。

At present,rural China is entering into the new period of transformation. In the progress of new socialist countryside construction,rapid urbanization,town-country integration,and rural land consolidation,rural land utilization is undergoing enormous pressure as well as challenge,especially the implementation of various planning and consolidation which influences the layout pattern and optimization adjustment of rural settlements. Against this background,the research on the layout optimization of rural settlements which regards as an important aspect to promote rural transformation development has attracted increasing attention. The abundance,the depth and the scope of the research have also been continuously strengthened. Therefore,it is necessary to summarize the research results in order to point out the direction of the relevant research in the future. Based on consulting extensive related literature,the research pointed out that the layout optimization of rural settlements in China can be concluded by stages as follows： Firstly,the description period of rural settlement landscape effected by Western Rural Geography. Second,the perceptual cognizance stage under People＇s Commune Campaign. Thirdly,the phase of constructing the theory frame in the view of Rural Settlement Geography. Fourth,the space reconstruction stage of rural settlements driven by rural transformation development. Then this paper summarizes and elaborates the research about the layout optimization of rural settlements in China from six aspects,including the correlation theories,location evaluation and influencing factors,layout characteristics,layout evolution and driving mechanism,optimization strategy,technology and method. Finally,compared to the relevant research elsewhere in the world,six fields need to be highlighted in the future research： 1 research on perfecting the theoretical framework of the layout optimization of rural settlements within system transformation context; 2research on the system reconstruction and readjustment of structure of rural settlements land use guided by urban-rural integration; 3research on detailed spatial element and elaborate analysis of rural settlements forced by the land planning and consolidation; 4research on growth boundary control of rural settlements under constrained resource and ecological sustainable development; 5 research on the space-time evolution mechanism and trend prediction based on GIS; 6 research on synthetically analysis and application from multidisciplinary perspectives.