历史诗学传统中的巴赫金体裁理论

BAKHTIN'S GENRE THEORY IN THE TRADITION OF HISTORICAL POETICS

体裁问题在俄国文学理论中历来占有重要位置。体裁不仅是一种形式规范,同时也是言语表述的形式(巴赫金语)。具有共鸣性和相互作用性的体裁将文学发展的动力带入每一个文本,这些文本的体裁属性不应被分类,而是可以被视为"体裁之间的争斗",或者被视为不同言语方针的交汇。巴赫金对体裁理论的贡献中最广为人知的是,他将长篇小说的言语属性阐释为一种对话性质的"长篇小说词语"。巴赫金的体裁理论,以及他将长篇小说视为呈现与当下关系紧密的"未完成"人物之文学形式,正是亚历山大·维谢洛夫斯基所开创的历史诗学领域致力关注的问题。

The problem of genre traditionally occupies a central position in Russian literary theory. Genre is treated not as a prescriptive norm but as a verbal utterance or speech genre （Bakhtin）. Resonant and reciprocative genre admits literary dynamics into every text whose generic nature does not expect to be classified and pigeonholed but can be adequately represented as a ＇struggle of genres＂ or a crossroad of different verbal orientations. Bakhtin＇ s contribution to genre theory is best known through his interpretation of the novel in its verbal nature as a dialogic ＇romannoe slovo＇ （a novelistic word）. It is in genre theory and his treatment of the novel as a literary form representing characters ＇unfinished＇, acting and speaking in a close contact with the present that M. Bakhtin stepped into the domain of historical poetics given its name and origin by Alexander Veselovsky.