山东地区青铜殳研究

Bronze Halberds Discovered in Shandong Province

本文从分析新泰市周家庄东周墓葬出土青铜殳入手,对山东地区周代青铜殳进行了梳理、辨识与归纳。结合文献记载以及与楚系殳的对比,基本搞清楚了山东地区青铜殳的形制,包括殳首、柲及柲环、殳镦。相比以前的认识,可知殳的年代更早,延续的时间更长(从西周晚期到战国晚期),数量更多,分布地域更广(以齐国出土最多,还包括莱国、寺国、莒国、薛国等);殳多出土于墓葬,墓主人以中小贵族为主;青铜殳的形制、长度、共出的随葬品和墓主人身份等信息显示,这些殳绝大多数为晋殳,是主要兵器种类之一,除了具有指挥、军旌标识和壮军威的功能外,还有仪仗和打击功能。

Beginning with bronze halberds unearthed from Western Zhou dynasty tombs at Zhoujiazhuang, Xintai, Shandong province, this paper presents a review of Zhou dynasty bronze halberds discovered in Shandong province. By referring to historical documents and comparing them with those of the Chu state, the authors make the following conclusions. Bron ze halberds f rom Sha ndong con sist of top end, wooden ba r, ba r r i ngs a nd ha ndle. Compared with previous understanding they emerged at an earlier period and were in use over a longer time（from the late Western Zhou to the late Warring States period）, more widely distributed, they have been unearthed from areas that were originally the territory of the Qi state, in addition to the states of Lai, Si, Ju, Xue, etc. Most of the halberds are discovered from tombs of middle- or lower-rank aristocrats. The shape, length and co-existing burial objects of these halberds and identity of the tomb occupants suggest that most of them are in the Jin style. A major weapon and military flag used for commanding and boosting morale, halberds have ceremonial and attacking functions as well.