新生儿食物过敏

Neonatal food allergy

食物过敏主要是指食物进入人体后,机体对之产生异常免疫反应,导致机体生理功能的紊乱和(或)组织损伤,进而引发一系列临床症状。导致食物过敏发生的机制包括:肠道黏膜屏障功能破坏、口服免疫耐受建立失败、宫内致敏、母乳过敏原传递以及遗传和环境等多个方面。临床症状多以消化系统表现为主,重症者还包括低白蛋白血症、生长发育受限甚至循环衰竭和休克。食物过敏明确诊断依靠食物激发试验。饮食回避是目前新生儿食物过敏唯一有效的治疗方法,益生菌的应用可预防食物过敏的发生。

Food allergy is defined as abnormal immune response elicited by food intake, in which a variety of clinical symptoms will appear as a result of physiological dysfunction and/or tissue damage. Possible mechanisms for food allergy include gastrointestinal tract barrier damage, failure to induce oral immune tolerance, intrauterine sensitization, and allergen transmission during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Hereditary and environmental factors can also contribute to the disease. Gastrointestinal disorders are the main clinical manifestations of the disease. However, hypoalbuminemia, growth retardation, and even acute circulatory failure or shock may occur in severe cases. Oral food challenges are the ＂gold standard＂ for the diagnosis of food allergy. Avoidance and replacement of the responsible food are the only effective treatment options for neonatal food allergy. The use of probiotics can offer protection against the disease.