走出法学的概念天国:法律行为概念的否弃与替代性框架结构探微

Out of the concept kingdom of law: exploration into denial of the legal act and alternative framework

法律行为系契约与单独行为的抽象上位概念,为德国潘德克顿法学所首创,并被大陆法系中的德、日等国采纳。我国民法也继受了这一概念。法律行为有过度抽象的倾向,实益上亦存在一定缺陷,其并非民法所不可或缺的部分。法律行为在概念上无法决绝地与意思表示相区隔,在实益上也与行为性格的意思表示以及原因/结果性格的契约、单独行为相杂糅,使实务无端复杂化。因此,否弃法律行为至少可为一种理论上的选择。在否弃法律行为的基础上,由意思表示替代法律行为肩负其原本承担的行为意义方面的技术分析功能,同时将契约、单独行为作为仅具结果意义的因意思表示发生效力而产生的单纯法律关系,则逻辑上更为清晰,实益上更为便利。

Legal Act, an abstrant concept with the contract and unilateral act, was originally created by Pandect in Germany and later adopted by Germany, Japan and other countries, even our country. However, Legal Act tends to be extremely abstract with its defects in logic and practice, and it is not a necessary part of Civil Law. Rather than being distinguished from intention, Legal Act is essentially mixed with intention, contract, and unilateral act, leading to a more complicated practice. Consequently, denying the legal act can at least be a theoretical alternative. On this basis, we can substitute intention for Legal Act, and in the meantime, regard contract and unilateral act as the outcome of the intention.