马基雅维利的转向——论敌友划分的限度

The Turn of Machiavelli——The Limit of Distinguishing Friends from Enemies

马基雅维利的主要著作可以分为两类,即政治著作(《君主论》、《论李维》和《佛罗伦萨史》)和军事著作(《战争的技艺》),将《战争的技艺》与其他著作对比阅读有助于我们更好地理解马基雅维利的政治哲学。敌友划分在西方历史悠久,古典政治哲学对敌友划分在军事和政治中的适用进行了严格区分。马基雅维利突破了这一限定,将二者合而为一,模糊了政治共同体的内与外、战争与和平的界限,其后果是使政治变得更加残酷焦灼,为后来霍布斯的政治哲学埋下了伏笔。

Machiavelli has two major types of works, those on politics（ The Prince, Discourses on Livy,and Florentine Histories） and military works（ The Art of War）. Reading The Art of War by comparing it to his other works helps us understand his political philosophy better. There is a long history in the West of differentiating friends from enemies, and the classic political philosophy has strictly stated the difference between political and military purposes. Machiavelli, however, breaks this restriction by combing the two purposes into one, thus erasing the dividing line between the inside and outside of political entities, and the border between war and peace. Consequently, politics becomes a much more cruel process, foreshadowing Thomas Hobbes＇ political philosophy.