不同品种(系)梨花器官结构、花粉特性比较研究

Comparative Studies on Pollens Characters and Floral Organ Structures of Different Cultivars and Strains of Pear

以库尔勒香梨、新梨7号等9个梨品种（系）为试材，观察了其花器官结构特征，测定了花粉量和花粉生活力，并利用扫描电镜对花粉超微形态特征进行观察。结果表明：不同梨品种（系）花药颜色、花序花朵数、单花雄蕊数、花冠直径、花瓣纵横径方面有不同程度的差异，各自具有自身的形态特征。供试品种花序花朵数多为5~10朵；单花雄蕊数在14~30个，可划分为少、中、多雄蕊3个类型；雌蕊数多数为5枚，个别出现4枚；花粉量变化较大，单药花粉量在0~7447.37粒，平均为5396.68粒，表现出无花粉、少花粉，花粉量中等、较多、多等类型；花粉生活力在79.72%~95.96%，部分梨品种（系）间差异极显著。供试品种（系）花粉为长球形或超长球形，中等大小；沙01号有4条萌发沟，赤面观4裂圆形，其余品种（系）花粉粒均具有3条萌发沟，赤面观3裂圆形；外壁纹饰均有条脊纹饰，差异突出，表现在条脊长短、粗细、走向、排列以及孔穴密度等方面，可分为条纹-穿孔状、条纹-网状、条纹-穴状3种类型。综合以上指标分析，可以有效区别和鉴定梨品种（系）。

The floral organ structures,pollen number and pollen viability of nine cultivars and strains of pear were observed, and pollen morphology characters were examined by scanning electron microscope （ SEM） . The results showed that the color of anthers,the number of inflorescence flower and single flower stamen,corolla diameter and petal vertical and horizontal diameter were different among cultivars or strains,each of them had its own characteristic features. The inflorescence of all the cultivars and strains mostly had 5—10 flowers. The single flower stamen number was 14—30,and which could be divided into three types：few type, mid-type and multi-type. Compound pistil included five stigmas, individual com-pound pistil included four stigmas. Pollen quantity of cultivars and strains were colossal,which were esti-mated to be 0—7 447. 37 grains per anther,the average was 5 396. 68 grains per anther,displaying five types：no pollen type,few pollen type,mid-pollen type,more pollen and multi-type. Pollen viability was from 79. 72% to 95. 96%,there was significant difference among some cultivars and strains. The pollen gains were spheroidal or super-spheroidal,medium in size and the type of apertures were tricolporate. As for equatorial view found that it was the shape with three crack circular,except fragrant pear bud mutation Sha 01 pollen had four aperture,looked from equatorial view the shape with four crack circular. There was significant difference in ektexine ornamentation of pollen. The width and distance of ridge,ridge direction and pore diameter of different cultivars and strains differed a lot. The sculptural type of nine cultivars and strains pear could be divided to three types：striate-perforated,striate-foveolate,striate-reticulate. Different cultivars and strains of pear could be tested effectively based on the above analysis.