贸易距离与“出口企业生产率之谜”——基于贸易方式和所有权的分析

DOTs and the “Productivity Paradox of Exporting Firms”: Analysis Based on Trade Pattern and Ownership

在中国的出口部门中,低生产率企业的自发出口行为与异质企业贸易理论不符。以贸易距离作为企业出口成本的代理变量,将所有权结构和贸易方式引入标准的异质企业贸易模型研究该"悖论"。大量"纯出口企业"是造成该悖论的主要原因,该类企业贸易距离低于一般出口企业,且大量存在于加工贸易部门和外资企业。从事加工贸易的企业通常只负责产品的生产、加工或组装,存在事前的销售渠道,而外资企业同样存在事前的销售经历,即这2类企业的出口贸易距离均由于自身的异质性特征而被缩短,在此条件下,出口成为低生产率企业的自发选择。提高企业自主创新能力、加大研发投入是中国加工贸易企业转型的必然途径。

The self-selection exporting of less productive firms in China＇s export sectors is inconsistent with the traditional heterogeneous firm trade theory. By introducing ownership structures and trade modes into standard heterogeneous firm trade mode and treating distances of trade（ DOTs） as a proxy for export cost,this paper tries to analyze this paradox. The study shows that large amounts of pure export enterprises is the main cause of the paradox,whose DOTs are large shorter than normal export firms and which mainly exist in the processing trade sector and foreign firms. Firms engaged in processing trade are usually only responsible for production,processing or assembling,they have existing distribution channels,while foreign firms have ex ante experience,meaning their DOTs are cut shorter because of their own heterogeneity. Under these conditions,exports have become the self-selection of less productive firms. Improving firms＇ capability of independent innovation and increasing investment in RD should be the inevitable way for the transformation of China＇s processing trade firms.