从心理偏见审视刑事冤案成因——以柏拉图“洞穴之喻”为视角

Wrongful Conviction Created By Psychological Bias Which Connected With Plato's Tunnel Vision Metaphor

"洞穴之喻"心理偏见乃人类认知上的内在缺陷所致。在刑事诉讼中,它于无形中影响着侦办人员对案件的认知及诉讼行为。此外,各种外界的因素时常交织在一起加剧了此种倾向,由此导致侦办人员通常过早地聚焦于某个特定的被追诉人,疏于探究其它的可能性,在此基础上,侦办人员经常只收集不利于该被追诉人却能支持验证自己预断的证据信息,并对其证明价值予以放大;相反,对于有利于被追诉人,与己预断相悖的证据信息则疏于收集,或基于各种事由予以排除。"洞穴之喻"心理乃导致世界各国冤假错案的重要因素。防范"洞穴之喻"心理既需要对侦办人员进行针对性的教育培训,也需要从制度上予以建构完善,双管齐下方能有效防范冤案发生。

The simile of the cave phenomenon by Plato is caused by human’s intrinsic cognitive deficits. In criminal proceedings,it invisibly affects the cognition and actions of investigators. In addition,various outside factors often intertwin and aggravate this tendency,which cause serious consequences：the investigators usually prematurely focuse on a particular accused and neglect to explore other possibilities,and thus,often only collect the evidence and information which is detrimental to the accused and prone to support their verification,and amplify its probative value. 0n the contrary,investigators often neglect to collect evidences which is beneficial to the accused,or exclude it based on various reasons. The simile of cave phenomenon becomes an important factor attributing to miscarriages of justice. In order to prevent the simile of cave phenomenon,we need not only to educate and train the investigators,but also to reconstruct the systems.