复杂基质中纳米成分的定量分析技术进展

A Review on Approaches to Determination of Nanoparticles in Complex Samples

随着各种纳米材料的不断研发和应用,纳米材料已进入人们日常生活的各个领域。不同尺寸和化学组成的纳米颗粒可通过各种途径泄漏到环境中成为纳米废弃物,其特殊的理化性质可能对人类健康构成严重危害,建立有效的分析检测方法具有重大意义。纳米粒子具有颗粒小、比表面积大、易团聚等特点,尤其在基质复杂的实际样品中易发生改变,不能直接进行仪器分析。而且,大多数仪器分析要求对进样液体进行稀释,而纳米颗粒的稳定性易受到溶液p H值、离子强度以及稀释过程的影响。因此,复杂基质中纳米成分的分析成为难点。该文介绍了纳米材料的特性和使用情况,综述了纳米颗粒分析中固态样品和液态样品的制备方法,常用定性定量分析方法以及近年来发展的单粒子质谱、场流分离色谱与质谱联用等新技术,并对纳米成分的分析技术进行了展望。

With the development and application of engineered nanoparticles（ ENPs）,ENPs have entered our daily life in various fields. A continually growing number of consumer products contain this nanomaterial with varying particles sizes and elemental compositions,which have been discharged increasingly into the environment becoming nano waste. For some time,concerns have been raised related to the potential toxicity of ENPs to human health for their special physicochemical property.As a result,analytical methods are urgently needed for the reliable determination of ENPs. Due to the small size, high surface-to-volume ratio and other properties, the states of ENPs are easily charged in certain environments,especially in impure,multi-component,heterogeneous and complex samples,which could not be directly used for instrumental analysis. For most of the analytical techniques,dilution of ENP samples is needed for minimum sample preparation. The stability of charge stabilized ENPs is especially sensitive to changes of p H value or ionic strength,and sometimes even to dilution. Thus,ENPs analysis in real sample could be challenging. This article reviews the general characterization and the use of ENPs,sample pretreatment methods and analytical techniques commonly used for their determination. The main aspect of this review covers the preparation procedures of liquid and powder samples,respectively. Moreover,various applications by direct determination or analysis after suitable digestion as well as novel approaches such as single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ sp ICPMS） technique,and hyphenated techniques such as field flow fractionation（ FFF） are discussed in detail. Finally,the future trends and developments in this research area are prospected.