论“主文谲谏”的周代献诗

On Lauds“ in the Form of Metaphorical Irony”in Zhou Dynasty

西周时期,周礼由形成走向成熟,这一阶段是中国历史上最讲"礼"的时期,特定的礼仪文化使时人对君王的献诗讽谏大都以一种微妙深曲的方式呈现出来:或以美为谏,把谏、戒、刺的含义隐藏在一片颂美之辞中;或于曲意逢迎中微露讽谏之意;或用善意引导、旁敲侧击的方式加以暗示、启发;或陈古以刺今,以希君王观古而悟今。这就是《毛诗大序》所言的"主文谲谏"。这种献诗方式的形成是由周代礼教制度决定的,是周礼在文化上打下的烙印。到了西周后期厉王、幽王时,礼乐渐趋崩坏,才出现直刺方式的献诗讽谏。然而西周中、前期形成的"主文谲谏"的献诗方式一直延续到春秋时期。

With the gradual maturity of its rituals,the Western Zhou Dynasty was an era when ＂rites＂were venerated most in the Chinese history while lauds meant for implicit and polite persuasions to kings or lords were written in a subtle and covert manner in view of the then specific etiquette culture,as is evident by remonstrations in the form of lauds to cover remonstration,warning and irony with overt compliments,by delicate irony in the form of assiduous flattery,in insinuation and enlightenment by virtue of kind direction and oblique references as well as by odes lashing at the present era through references to the past so as to enlighten the kings or lords,which is just what is stated in The Great Poetic Preface—＂lauds in the form of metaphorical irony＂,a natural outgrowth of the feudal ethical code in Zhou Dynasty and an imprint of the cultural impact in rites of Zhou Dynasty. Though in the reign of King Li and King You in the late Zhou Dynasty when rites and music commenced to deteriorate,lauds meant for persuading the monarch or lord implicitly and politely were written in a direct manner,lauds＂in the form of metaphorical irony＂formed in the early and mid Zhou Dynasty lasted till the Spring and Autumn period.