旧金山金门大桥建设的技术与管理创新

Technology and Management Innovation of the Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco

美国旧金山金门大桥建成于1937年,至今已有近八十年的历史。它在建造和运营管理中,创下了众多第一次,开拓了工程创新的新局面。然而,最初,金门大桥被公认为是"不可能完成的任务"。除了复杂的地形条件、更长的跨度等技术壁垒外,资金、工期等管理壁垒束缚了它成功的步伐,那它是如何突破技术壁垒和管理壁垒以获得技术创新与管理创新的?本文以金门大桥的筹建、施工、运营等方面的历史为背景,试图解答其创新是基于何种背景产生的,以及其做法对今天的工程创新有何启发意义。最终发现,公众参与、科学管理及集成性创新对金门大桥的成功起着至关重要的作用,而且其克服壁垒走向创新的做法值得借鉴性学习。

The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco was built in 1937 and is nearly eighty years old. It made many breakthroughs in its building and operation management, which opened up a new chapter of engineer- ing innovation. However, initially, it was thought to be a ＂mission impossible＂. In addition to the technical barriers including complex terrain conditions and longer span, some management barriers such as money and time limit for a project blocked its success. How did it break through the technical barriers and management barriers and realized technology and management innovation？ This paper explores the background of the bridge＇s planning, construc- tion and operation, tries to solve the question of how the innovations were made, and finds out its inspirational significance for today＇s engineering innovation. Eventually the paper finds that public participation, scientific management and integration innovation played an important role in its success, and how it overcame barriers to reach innovation is worth learning.