中国装备制造业在全球价值链的地位及升级趋势

Position and Upgrading of China's Equipment Manufacturing Industry in Global Value Chain

本文利用Kaplinsky升级指数和中间品相对出口单价,对我国整体装备制造业在全球价值链的升级趋势和地位进行了分析,采用的数据是UN Comtrade2002-2011年HS六位编码的装备制造业产品数据。分析结果表明,中国装备制造业出口产品中大约一半金额的产品正处于升级,尤其是电信和船舶方面所取得的进步引人瞩目,出现降级的装备制造业产品数量较少,占装备制造业总出口金额的比例不到7%,总体表现远超美国、日本和德国三个装备制造业强国。从中国装备制造业企业在全球价值链的地位看,由于中国企业仍然趋向出口相对低价的装备制造业零部件,进口相对高价装备制造业零部件,因此,在全球价值链的地位总体上偏低。出口单价与世界平均价格相比,中国装备制造业的全球价值链地位指数只有0.66,与日本的2.43、德国的1.58和美国的1.42仍存在较大差距。但是值得注意的是,中国装备制造业的全球价值链地位指数呈现不断改进趋势,与2002相比,2011年地位指数提高了约43%。

In this paper, Kaplinsky upgrading index and the relative unit price of intermediate goods exports versus imports are calculated to demonstrate the upgrading trend and the current position of China＇ s equipment manufacturing industry in the global value chain. Data used for the analysis is based on the HS six-digit code num- bers from the UN Comtrade database from 2002 to 2011. The results suggest that ap- proximately half of the value of China＇ s equipment manufacturing exports, measured by the Kaplinsky index, showed significant trend of upgrading, especially in the sec- tors of telecommunications and shipbuilding. Only a small portion of the products, roughly less than 7 percent of the total export value, showed a downgrading trend. The overall performance of China＇ s equipment manufacturing industry had far exceed- ed that of the US, Japan and Germany. In term of the position in the global value chains, China still remained at the relative low-end compared with the developed coun- tries such as the US, Japan and Germany because China tended to export low-price in- termediate goods and import high-price ones. By comparing the export unit value with the average unit value of the world for components and parts, it is found that the unit value of components and parts exported from China was only 66 percent of the world average, whereas the unit value of the same goods from Japan, Germany and the US was 243 percent, 158 percent and 142 percent respectively. However, it should be not- ed that China＇ s equipment manufacturing industry had significantly improved in its position in the global capital goods value chain as the ratio of the average export unit value relative to the world had increased by 43 percent from 2002 to 2011.