清代的清书庶吉士

Hanlin Bachelor for Mahchu Language in the Qing Dynasty

分派庶吉士学习清书,是清代特有的政治制度之一。其起自顺治,迄于道光,发展过程本身反映了满语在清代政府行政过程中的应用情况和朝廷内部的满汉关系。清书庶吉士设立的初衷,是为了便利满汉之间的交流。初选时,对人员的年龄、体貌有一定的要求。其数量随着朝代更迭发生变化,由于汉语的普遍使用,每科人数由最初的数十员减少至四五员,皇帝对其考查也日益松懈。乾隆之后,清书庶吉士的实际效用日益减少。清书庶吉士与汉书庶吉士在馆选、教习、考试、散馆上均有不同,但出仕后升迁状况并无明显区别。学习满语的汉族庶吉士的满文水平不一,优者足可召对,亦能翻译书籍;劣者往往因此被黜,遂对此政策有所怨言。

Arranging scholars learning Mahchu language was a feature of political system in the Qing dynasty.Initially began in the Sunzhi reign,and ended in the Daoguang reign,the changing practices reflected role of Manchu language in executive works and Manchu-Han relation.Initially with the purpose of promoting communication between Manchu and Han officials,it had specific requirements on age,body feature for the candidate in primary examination.The number of Hanlin Bachelor changed in time.As usage of Han language popularized,their membership reduced from initially dozens to four or five persons.And emperors increasingly relaxed on examining their learning.Practical roles of Hanlin Bachelor for Mahchu language declined increasingly after the Quanlong reign.Hanlin Bachelor for Mahchu language and Hanlin Bachelor for Han language had different methods in their education,yet their official future was not obviously dissimilar.Han Hanlin Bachelors for Mahchu language reached different levels,the excellent can speak and write in Manchu language smoothly,the inferior who would be dismissed had complains about this policy.