论中世纪阿拉伯苏菲文学的“私语”文体

On “Whispers” Style of Medieval Arabic Sufi Literature

阿拉伯中世纪苏菲文学家常用"私语"或"静默交谈"文体,借助与"安拉"私密对话的方式,将个人与宇宙、自白与宽恕、真理与语言、精神追求和现实冲突之间的关系诉诸笔端,倾诉自我的不安、孤独、怨情、苦闷等世俗化情感,折射出中世纪阿拉伯苏菲文人的存在主义观。10世纪苏菲派著名神学家、文学家阿布·哈彦·陶希迪的《神示》是这一文体的典范。作者在该作品中表现出"多面自我"和"本我"之间即依存又矛盾、即交织又排斥、即统一又分离的关系,主张寻求多元的统一,强调矛盾的普遍性;同时,作者从形而上学层面,为认识真理过程构置了形式,即"呼唤"与"回应"的转换性结构范式,意即苏菲派所追求的终极人生意义——"人主合一"。

Medieval Arabic Sufi writers often apply ＂Whispers＂ in their writings. Borrowing the way of private talk with Allah, these writers express the relationships between individual and the universe, confession and forgiveness, truth and language, and spiritual pursuit and realistic conflict, which reveals their own uneasiness, loneliness, resentment, agony, and other secular emotions, and reflects existentialism in their writings. Divine Signals by Abū Hayān al-Tawhīdī, a famous Sufi theologian and writer from the 10 th century, is a book that well represents this literary genre. In such works, the authors intend to pursue multiple unifications, to explain the paradoxes, which lie in the unification, and to reinforce the popularity of the paradoxes. Meanwhile, metaphysically, the authors establish a process to understand truth, which is the transformational structural paradigm ＂to call＂ and ＂to response＂ which means that the untimate meaning of life pursued by Sufis — ＂Harmony with the human and the god＂.