中国农村扶贫开发的制度变迁:历史轨迹及对贵州的启示

Institutional Change and Policy Development of Rural Poverty Reduction in China: Historical Trajectories as well as the Inspiration to Guizhou

为了给贵州省深入推进农村扶贫开发、同步实现全面小康指明政策方向,本文梳理建国60多年中国农村扶贫开发制度变迁历程,依据政策内容及属性将其分为制度变革减缓贫困程度、专项性扶贫措施减少贫困人口、综合性发展措施减少贫困人口、全面深入扶贫开发根除贫困等阶段。比较分析表明,中国开始由救济式扶贫向开发式扶贫,由专项扶贫向区域综合发展,由解决温饱向改善生态环境、提高发展能力、缩小发展差距,由政府主导扶贫向政府引导和全社会参与的大扶贫格局的重大转变,意味着农村扶贫开发不断向深度和广度进军,较之以往内涵更加丰富、领域更加宽泛、任务更加艰巨。

In order to promote poverty reduction and development in rural regions,as well as to orient the policy for establishing a comprehensive well-off society in Guizhou Province,the development of Chinese rural poverty reduction policies from 1949 was reviewed herein. Based on the characteristic and main contents of policy,four stages might be obtained,i. e. poverty reduction through institutional reform,special policies for poverty reduction,comprehensive policies for poverty reduction and the new stage of poverty reduction. By comparison analysis,Chinese policies of poverty reduction were shifted from the relief-dependent to the development-dependent,from special poverty relief to the regional comprehensive development,from the starvation relief to the improvement of the ecological environment and the ability of development,from the government-run to the government-guided,which suggested that the poverty alleviation and development in rural regions showed the tendency in the depth and breadth orientation.