论周作人的“儿童文学”观念的发生——以美国影响为中心

How Zhou Zuoren's Concept of " Children's Literature" Came into Being——from the Perspective of the American Influence

正如中国社会的现代化是外源型一样,中国儿童文学的发生也受到西方的直接影响。作为中国儿童文学理论的奠基人——周作人的儿童文学观的建构过程中,就可以清楚看到来自美国的影响。这些影响可以大致归纳为两个方面:一是周作人借鉴以斯坦利·霍尔为代表的美国儿童学的观点,"主张儿童的权利",强调"儿童在生理心理上""和大人有点不同",进而发展出"顺应自然,助长发达,使各期之儿童得保其自然之本相"这一"儿童本位"的儿童文学观;二是直接借鉴麦克林托克、斯喀特尔等美国学者的应用研究成果,从小学校的文学教育的角度论述儿童文学,呈现了更加完整的儿童文学的文体面貌。周作人从美国的儿童学和小学校的文学教育研究中接受的影响,在其"儿童本位"的儿童文学观中,发挥着十分核心、十分重要的作用。

Similar to China＇s drive for modernization,the emergence and flourishing of children＇s literature in China has been under the direct influence of the West.The development of the views on children＇s literature of Zhou Zuoren,founder of the theory of Chinese children＇s literature,distinctly reflects a direct influence from the United States.This influence is divided into two aspects.First,Zhou Zuoren echoes the American view on children＇s literature represented by Granville Stanley Hall that ＂children＇s rights should be protected＂ and ＂children are different from adults physically and psychologically＂.On this foundation,Zhou develops his child-oriented view of children＇s literature.This view allows children to grow up through a natural course and guides them when necessary,so that they won＇t do anything they are not ready for.Second,Zhou Zuoren draws strength from studies of the applications of many American scholarly theories,including those of Porter Lander MacClintock and H.E.Scudder,and reveals more clearly the stylistic features of children＇s literature from the perspective of literary education in elementary schools.The American pedology and studies on literary education in elementary schools exerted a profound influence on Zhou Zuoren,and played a pivotal role in the development of his child-oriented view of children＇s literature.