“软”与“硬”的对称性和不对称性探析

Analysis on “Soft” and “Hard” Symmetry and Asymmetry

"软"和"硬"是一对反义词,在义项、构词等方面呈现出对称性和不对称性。从词典的义项来看,"软"和"硬"的义项都在不断增加和细化。"软"的义项在近年增加得更加明显和迅速。从标记理论来看,"硬"在一段时间内的使用频率大于"软",被认为是无标记项。但是按照现今的语言事实,"软"的使用频率和分布范围并不比"硬"小。"软"和"硬"没有哪一个是明显的无标记项。语言中的有标记项和无标记项不是一成不变的,而是发展变化的。

＂Soft＂and＂hard＂is a pair of antonyms,shows the symmetry and asymmetry in the aspects of term of meaning,word formation. From the view of dictionary meaning,the meanings of＂soft＂and＂hard＂are increasing and refining. The＂soft＂meanings increase more obviously and quickly in recent years. From the view of marked theory,the＂hard＂use frequency is greater than the ＂soft＂over a period of time,is considered to be the unmarked items. But according to present language facts,the use frequency and the distribution range of ＂soft＂is not smaller than ＂hard＂. The ＂soft＂and ＂hard＂,no one is unmarked. The marked and unmarked term in the language is not static,but changing.