商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器墓葬的葬制与葬俗

Funeral System and Burial Practice of Tombs with Clan-Emblems Bronzes in the Shang and Zhou Lineage Cemeteries

商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器墓葬分为三类,墓葬形制均为长方形或近似长方形的竖穴土坑,均以木棺或棺椁为葬具,随葬有1套或2套青铜礼器,墓葬分布主要见于殷墟地区,墓葬位置大多位于所在墓区或墓组边缘,墓葬排列常见为男女"异穴并葬"。这些情况说明,复合族徽很可能是族氏分化或族氏联姻关系的反映,而不是通常所理解的族组织。

In Shang and Zhou lineage cemeteries, the tombs yielding bronzes with the combined type of clan-emblems can be categorized into three types. All of them have a shaft pit of rectangular or nearly rectangular shape, have wooden coffins or chambers, and yielded at least one set of bronze ritual bronzes. These burials were found primarily at Yinxu. More often than not,they were at the edge of a burial cluster in a cemetery. Furthermore, they are usually a pair of joint burials, i.e., a male and female individuals were buried side-by-side in different tomb pits. These patterns illustrate that the combined type of clan-emblems did not reflect the lineage organization as they were understood previously. Instead, these emblems might have reflected the internal splitting of a lineage or a marital relationship between different lineages.