公民德行的自然基础——论卢梭的性别秩序理论

Natural Basis of Civic Virtue: On Rousseau's Theory of Gender Order

在十八世纪关于古今之变的大讨论中,古代共和国公民德行与淳朴的道德风俗成为政治思想家借古讽今的对象。卢梭从人性论上说明这种德行的强大自然基础,以批判现代政治治理仅仅聚焦暴力和利益的作法。自然状态是卢梭虚构以分析事物性质的哲学方法,包含了对两性关系进行的规范引导。在自然状态中,两性都是受自然律支配靠本能生存的野蛮人。在向社会状态过渡过程中,家庭和性别的劳动分工出现,两性出现自然不平等基础上的分工合作。从野蛮人到家庭角色,从情欲到道德情感,人类逐渐实现了有道德追求的社会生活。卢梭对于两性性激情与家庭情感的规制理论为现代政治治理提供了启示。

During the discussion on the ancient and modern changes in eighteen-century, political theorist derided the contemporary by quoting from history, especially republican civic virtue and moral customs. Rousseau explored the powerful natural basis of civic virtue in human nature. And he criticized that modern political governance used the tool of violence and benefited to manipulate people.There is a normative comparison between Rousseau＇s natural state and social state. The theory of natural state as a philosophical method to analyze the nature of social arrangement, can provide gender relationship with normative guidance. In pure natural state, both sexes are savages regulated by animal spirit according to natural law.Because of material improvement, there are divisions of labor according to different gender and family. From savages to family roles, from sexual passions to moral sentiment,human gradually realized the moral pursuit of social life. Rousseau＇s theory of gender relationship and family emotion provides an enlightenment for modern political governance.