九白之贡:喀尔喀和清朝朝贡关系建立过程再探

The Tributes of Nine-White:A Restudy on the Establishing Process of Tributary Relationship between the Khalka and Early Qing Dynasty

结合新近公布的档案和《清实录》等文献,通过系统梳理清初与喀尔喀的关系,作者认为清廷首先制定"九白之贡"是在顺治七年(1650)。虽然有些喀尔喀小首领从顺治八年就已经开始进贡九白,但为首的左右翼诺颜们与清廷立誓和好则分别是在顺治十二、十四和十六年,由此双方关系最终进入和平稳定时期,实现了包含内亚因素(盟誓等)的朝贡关系。

By using newly published archives and materials such as Qing Shi Lu(the Actual Records of the Qing) and systematically researching the relation between the Khalka and early Qing Dynasty,the paper believes that it is in 1650 that the Qing court first made the policy of the tributes of Nine-White(precisely means one white camel and eight white horses).Some small Khalka tribe leaders began to pay the Nine-White tributes in 1651,however,the Noyans(leaders) of the left wing and right wing separately established the good relations with Qing court in 1655,1657,and 1659.Since then,the relationship between the Qing court and Khalka finally turned to be peaceful and stable.The Qing court drew lessons from the traditional tributary system of the Ming Dynasty and applied it to dealing with the relation with the Khalka.also built the tributary system with the inner Asia factors(such as alliance,etc.).