论责任保险的基本预防机制及其效果——以侵权法的预防功能为参照

On Basic Prevention Mechanisms of Liability Insurance and Their Effects:In Contrast with Prevention Functions of Tort Law

责任保险在加强侵权法补偿功能的同时,也破坏了侵权法的预防功能,此即责任保险中的道德危险的根本成因。为消除该道德危险,责任保险中相应地设计了经验费率、赔偿限额、免赔额、不保风险、代位权等基本预防机制。但是,通过对侵权法的预防功能、责任保险的基本预防机制以及二者内在关联的分析发现:责任保险不可能完全恢复侵权法的预防功能;责任保险对侵权法预防功能的消极影响不可避免。因此,必须建立多元化的机制来加强责任保险条件下的事故预防。

While liability insurance strengthened the compensation function of tort law,it destroyed the prevention function of tort law also,which leads to moral risks in liability insurance. Therefore,several prevention mechanisms were designed for avoiding such moral risks,including experience ration,limits of indemnity,deductibles,no- covered risks and subrogation. However,through analysis of the prevention function of tort law,the prevention mechanisms in liability insurance,and the relationship of both,it is found that liability insurance is impossible to resume the prevention function of tort law completely,and that the negative effect of liability insurance is inevitable. Thus,a multi- mechanism should be established to enhance the prevention function under the condition of liability insurance.