庄子语境中的“德”“形”之辨

On the Meanings and Differences of “De”and “Shape”in Zhuang Zi's Context

在庄子的哲学语境下,"德"不仅具有形上性与内在性,而且也具有形下性与实践性;相对而言,"形"虽然也具有一定的形上性,但更多的还是形下性与外在性的。在"德"与"形"的价值判断上,庄子看重的是内在之德,而非外在之形。庄子以游心于德和为基点,以德兼于道为理路,以辨德之本末,以论德之立修,以别德形关系;不仅表达了他对当时之世的不满与批判,而且也揭露了当时世人的伪善与狡诈。一言以蔽之,庄子视域中的"德""形"关系与价值取向是:一、形残而德可全;德全胜于形全;才全而德不形;二、重"德"不重"形";重内不重外;重自然与无为,不重雕饰与有为。

In Zhuang Zi＇s philosophy,＂De＂is not only moral philosophical and metaphysical and internal,but also materialistic and practical. Relatively speaking,＂Shape＂is more materialistic and external although it was metaphysical. Between ＂De＂and ＂Shape＂,Zhuang Zi emphasizes the inherent virtue of ＂De＂rather than the external ＂Shape＂. Zhuang Zi not only expresses his dissatisfaction and criticism to the society,but also exposes the hypocrisy and the cunning of the people at the time,through a cardinal points wimming in the mind and a logic way of the unification of Mind and Way,to debate the fundamental and the incidental of Mind,to view the education of morality,to distinguish the relationship between morality and form. Certainly,in the natural and do- nothing philosophical context of Zhuang Zi＇s,Zhuang Zi fills with the yearning to natural and simple world,and yearning for simple and harmonious society. Although we may believe that the aspirations of Zhuang Zi＇s is a appeal to the Utopian in the face the cruel reality,we cannot ignore the metaphysic of moral philosophy of Zhuang Zi＇s. In a word,the relationship and value orientation between ＂morality＂and ＂shape＂in the view of Zhuang Zi＇s is ＂De＂to be perfect,＂De＂over ＂Shape＂and ＂De＂no seeing; and stressed ＂De＂not emphasizing ＂Shape＂,stressed inner not emphasizing outside,stressed natural and inaction not emphasizing carving and promising.