俄汉时体的类型学蕴涵共性假设

A Typological Approach to Russian & Chinese Tense-aspect Implicational Universal Hypothesis

时体研究中体的类型差异尚未引起学界重视,时体的类型学蕴涵共性尚无系统的研究。本文研究发现,体具有跨语言的类型差异和层级性,完整体/非完整体是基于空间视点的体类型,现实体/非现实体是基于时间视点的体类型,这两种类型下均有各自的下位体层次。在时与体的关系上,俄语、波兰语及捷克语等斯拉夫语遵守现在时蕴涵非完整体的逻辑关系,汉语、英语、缅甸语等非斯拉夫语遵守将来时蕴涵非现实体的逻辑关系,两种逻辑蕴涵在真值表中分别有"现在时∪完整体"和"将来时∪现实体"不合法的四缺一分布格局(p∪-q)。这两条蕴涵关系可看作人类语言的时体蕴涵共性。

In tense-aspect research, little attention has been paid to aspect typology and no systemic achievement has been made in tense-aspect typological implicational universals. The paper finds that aspect has the features of cross- language type distinction and hierarchy. The ＂perfective aspect vs. imperfective aspect＂ is a spatial-viewpoint aspect opposition, while the ＂realis aspect vs. irrealis aspect＂ is a temporal-viewpoint aspect opposition. The two aspect types have their own subordinate aspect meanings. In terms of the relation of tense and aspect, ＂present tense implicating imperfective aspect＂ holds in Slavic languages such as Russian, Polish and Czech, while ＂future tense implicating ir- realis aspect＂ holds in Non-Slavic languages such as Chinese, English and Burmese. The alignment of ＂present tense U perfective aspect＂ and ＂future tense U realis aspect＂ are absent respectively in the two implicational tetrachoric ta- bles （pU-q）. The two logical implieational relations can be regarded as tense-aspect implicational universals among world languages.