从类型学看汉语“时”类条件标记

On the Temporal Conditional Marker “Shi”from the Perspective of Typology

本文以汉语方言中"时"类条件标记为例,讨论了源于时间词的条件标记的分布、句法和源流问题。这类条件标记是由提示两个分句时间顺序的"时"语法化而来。句法操作手段为添加,一般位于条件分句句尾这个边缘位置,符合"联系项居中原则"。从语言类型学视角看,时间词虚化为条件标记是人类语言的一条普遍规律,蕴含共性为:假如条件复句中的关系标记来源于时间词,那么此条件标记位于条件分句的边缘位置。

This paper, taking temporal conditional marker ＂shi＂ as an example, explores the distribution, syntactic op- eration and grammaticalization of temporal words. The temporal conditional marker ＂shi＂ exists in several Chinese dia- lects. Originated from modem Chinese temporal word ＂shi＂ meaning sequence, it is generally used at the end of the protasis which accords with the relator principle, and its syntactic operation is adjoining. It is a universal principle that temporal words are used as correlatives in conditionals from the perspective of typology. The implicational universal is ： if the conditional marker is grammatiealized from temporal word,it is in the periphery of protasis.