非洲坦噶尼喀湖流域资源开发利用与环境管理研究

Resources Use and Environmental Management across Lake Tanganyika Basin,Africa

坦噶尼喀湖(Lake Tanganyika)位于非洲东部大裂谷地区,是世界第二深水湖。坦湖流域涉及坦桑尼亚、布隆迪、赞比亚和刚果(金)4个主权国家,是典型的跨界流域,对流域进行有效管理必需经沿岸四国共同协调开展,尤其在流域资源利用和环境保护方面。坦噶尼喀湖目前水环境质量良好,但受气候变化、外来生物入侵、水土流失加剧以及沿岸城市人口增长过快、城市建设无序发展带来的点源和面源污染等自然和社会经济因素的多重影响。沿岸四国由于历史原因,在渔业资源分配和环境管理标准等方面存在较多矛盾和不统一,2008年成立的坦噶尼喀湖流域管理局受四国政府和UNEP等国际组织的支持作为该湖国际性事务的管理机构,主要发挥协调作用推动坦湖流域各国资源利用与环境管理的一体化。在梳理和分析坦噶尼喀湖流域水资源状况及渔业资源状况的基础上,提出该流域当前资源开发利用与利益冲突的问题,阐述了流域管理合作的发展以及流域管理机构的主要特点和结构,并讨论总结了有关经验和结论。

Lake Tanganyika is a large lake,with an area of 32 900 km2,a maximum depth of 1 470 m and 18 900 km3 of water. It is in East Africa,within the Western area of the Great Rift Valley. After Lake Baikal,it is second deepest lake in the world. The lake and its basin are endowed with exceptionally large and highly diverse heritage of flora and fauna,famous for its biodiversity and endemic species. Shared by the four countries of Burundi,the Democratic Republic of Congo,Tanzania,and Zambia,and as a typical trans-boundary water,it is necessary that the four riparian countries work together to manage its resources and protect the watershed＇ s environment. The study indicates that the lake environment is still under a good condition,but with population growth,urbanization and industrialization great challenges will be posed. Hence,how to protect the water quality and lake ecosystem become vital. About 10 million people live in the Lake Tanganyika basin,and 1 million of which,depend wholly on fishery. Rapid population growth and intensified human activities present increasingthreats to biological richness and natural resources in the basin. Due to historical reasons,there are more contradictions in fishery resource allocation and environmental management standards. In 2008,the Lake Tanganyika Authority（ LTA） was launched under the supports from the four riparian countries and many international partners with the mandate to safeguard the lake and its natural resources. LTA mainly plays a coordinating role in promoting the integration of resource use and environmental management. This paper introduces the current status of its water resources,quality and fishery resources,addresses the effects on lake ecosystem from natural conditions and social-economic status,and the current resource exploitation and interest conflict,as well as the main characteristics and structure of LTA,and summarizes the discussions and conclusions about the experience.