“天·德”之辨:现代文化信仰的“理性”与“神性”

The Discernment of “Heaven” and “Morality”: “Rationality”and“Divinity”of Modern Cultural Belief

为了杜绝宗教犯罪,康德等人将道德假想为自给自足的概念,并以之对宗教进行规范。不过,道德只是一个或然性的、实践性的概念,剥去质料的"道德"并不存在。从信仰的角度,才能更好地研究道德与宗教问题。中国传统儒家文化所信仰的是"非形象化"的神性的"天",而西方社会在经历对宗教的建构与解构过程之后,也皈依到了对"去形象化"的神性的"天"的信仰。对"天"的信仰其实是对社会共识与社会精神的信仰,因此其本质是社会性的;同时,由于信仰根本在于主观"认信",而且信仰可以给个体带来真实的精神圆满,因此,信仰也是个人的。对"天"的现代信仰可以帮助个体突破个体的生命牢笼,真正融入社会精神,从而形成个体与社会的双赢。在现代文化信仰之中,"神性"和"理性"是辩证统一的关系。

In order to eradicate religious offense,Kant and others imagined morality as a self-sufficient concept,and regulated religion within it.However,morality is only aprobable and practical concept,and morality with its material being stripped away does not exist.The problem of morality and religion could be better discussed in the perspective of belief.What traditional Chinese Confucianism believed in was a nonfigurative divine'Heaven',and the Western society also converted to the de-visualized divine'Heaven'after experiencing the construction and deconstruction of religion.The belief of'Heaven'is actually the belief in social consensus and social spirit,so it presumes the essence of sociality.Meanwhile,because belief is rooted in subjective confession,and could bring true spiritual satisfaction to individuals,belief is also personalized.The modern belief of'Heaven'could help the individuals break through their individual restraints and truly fit into the social spirit,thus achieving a win-win situation for themselves and society.In modern cultural belief,there exists a relationship of dialectic unity between'divinity'and'rationality'.