上帝回归乎?——儒家上帝观的历史演变及对儒教复兴的启示

Does God Return? The Historical Evolution of Confucian Concept of God and its Revelation for the Renaissance of Confucianism

中国古代上帝名称有帝、天帝、昊天上帝、皇天、皇天上帝、天皇大帝等,其渊源甚古,殷商已成熟,西周发生了由"帝"而"天",由神而人的重心转移。六经中随处可见上帝,但从春秋时期开始了文化精神的转变,儒家以人文理性为主导。汉代又有宗教复兴的趋势,但董仲舒仍然保持儒家人文理性的基本精神,以伦理道德依归。宋儒更多地讨论"天""道""理""性""命",即使讨论"上帝""鬼神",也多是哲学理性解释,上帝隐遁了。明清之际儒者反思批判宋明理学,面对基督教传入,有重建上帝信仰的意思。明清时期儒学开始了民间化、宗教化的转向。近代以来国人精神出现信仰危机,儒学复魅、上帝回归的思潮,对于我们今天的对儒教复兴的有重要意义。

God in Ancient China had names like God,Heaven God,the supreme God,the Heaven,the supreme God of Heaven,the Greatest God of the Heaven and etc.Its origin is very ancient and mature in Shang Dynasty.Its focus took place changes from God to Heaven and God to Human in Western Zhou Dynasty.God is everywhere in the Six Classics,but cultural spirits began to change in the Spring and Autumn Period,and Confucianism was guided by humanist rationality.There was a trend of religious revival,but Dong Zhongshu still maintained the basic spirit of Confucian humanist rationality and aimed to morality and ethics.Confucians in Song Dynasty discussed Heaven,Logos,Reason,Nature,Destiny,explained God and Ghost from philosophical and rational perspectives,but avoided to explore God.Confucians in Ming and Qing Dynasties reflected and criticized Song-Ming neo-Confucianism,and hoped to reconstruct the faith on God facing the intrusion of Christianity.Confucianism began to transform and took on folk and religious features during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Chinese people have spiritual crisis since modern times,so the re-enchantment of Confucianism and regression of God has important significance for our today's Renaissance of Confucianism.