从职业困境到政治需求:民国时期教师节的国定化

From the Occupation Plight to the Political Demand:Teachers' Day Became a National Holiday in the Republic of China

面对近代职业化进程中教师行业存在诸多问题,1931年教育界人士发起六月六日教师节运动以图改良。然而由于教师群体内部差异明显,难以作为统一群体来实现节日纪念目标,试图将其国定化的呼声渐盛。随着民族危机的加深,"六六"节的纪念重心呈现出关心国家命运甚于职业诉求的趋势,同时,节日纪念的社会动员功能也开始受到政府的重视。正是教师群体内部与政府的这一态度转变,促成了国定教师节的成立,时间上与孔子诞辰纪念同日举行。由此,教师节从一个民间的职业节,转变成兼具政治目的、社会功能、职业规范的国定节日。此后,节日纪念办法在政府的掌控下常置政治目的于教师本位之上,且渐渐陷入与社会脱节、职业无关的状况。

Teaching as a profession faced many problems in the process of professionalization.In 1931, education circles launched “June 6th Teacher’s Day Movement”to improve the status of teachers.However,differences within the teacher group were obvious,and thus they could not realize the purpose of Teacher’s Day as a unified body.Therefore,more and more teachers tried to make it official.At the same time,with the deepening of national crisis,the purpose of the Teachers’Day paid more attention to the nation’s destiny than the vocational pursuit,and the government attached great importance to the social encouragement function of festivals.It was the change of attitudes within the teacher group and of the government that facilitated the establishment of the national teachers’day.In 1939,the Guomin government established the teacher’s day as a national remembrance day on the same day as Confucius birthday commemoration.Thus the teacher’s day became a national holiday with political purpose,social function and professional standard from an occupational day in the folk.Since then,commemoration of the festival was made under the control of the government,and political purposes were often placed above the teachers being the center.It gradually disconnected with the society and became irrelevant to the occupation.