应对高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1抗原漂移的通用疫苗策略

A Strategy Based on Universal Influenza A Vaccines to Antigenic Drift of HPAIV H5N1

高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)H5N1不仅能造成严重的病理损伤,而且能够跨越种间隔离从禽类直接传播给人类,对人类健康造成巨大的威胁。疫苗免疫是应对HPAIV H5N1最常用的防控手段。但由于流感病毒具有抗原漂移和抗原转变的能力,只针对特定流行株的常规疫苗不能够有效的应对毒株的不断变异。研制能够激发广泛保护作用的通用疫苗是应对HPAIV H5N1抗原漂移的一种有力措施,该类疫苗以流感病毒中高度保守的蛋白结构域,如M2蛋白胞外域(M2e)、HA蛋白的茎部结构域以及其他的保守抗原表位为免疫原,激发机体产生广泛的保护以应对不断变异的流感病毒。论文主要对现阶段通用疫苗的研究思路及进展做一梳理,以期能够为禽流感疫苗的研制提供有益的帮助。

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus（HPAIV）H5N1 ,which can not only cause serious patho- logical damage, hut also spread across species isolated from poultry to humans directly, poses a great threat to human health. Vaccination is the most common method for the prevention of HPAIV H5N1. However, because of the ability of antigenic drift and antigenic shift, conventional vaccines, which elicit potent neutralizing antibody responses to the vaccine strains and closely related isolates but rarely extend to more divergent strains within a subtype or to other subtypes, cannot meet the demand of the reality. Making a research on universal influenza A vaccines is a effictive measure to provide sufficient protection in case of antigenic mismatch, The vaccines which focusing on regions of viral proteins that are highly con- served across virus subtypes,involving the matrix 2 protein, stalk domain of the hemagglutinin, and other conserved epitopes,will provide broad-base protection from drifted strains. This review summarized the most encouraging advances in the field with a focus on novel vaccine designs that have yielded promising preclinical and clinical data to provide beneficial help for further in-depth study.