论民事赔偿责任优先原则的适用——我国《侵权责任法》第4条第2款规定之解读

On Applying Principle of Priority to Civil Damage Liability: An Interpretation of Article Ⅳ Item Ⅱ of China's Tort Liability Law

我国《侵权责任法》第4条第2款确立了侵权赔偿责任优先,将违法行为的"同一性"作为适用条件。该条件包括行为数量上的单一性与唯一性以及财产责任承担上的重合性与冲突性两个基本要素。受调整对象的限制,《侵权责任法》仅规定了侵权赔偿责任优先,但其他民事赔偿责任也存在优先适用的余地,未来民法典应确立民事赔偿责任优先原则。建立民事赔偿优先的程序法衔接与保障机制,立足事前救济。行政机关及人民法院在行政罚款责任及刑事财产刑责任认定及执行中,应当将行为人可能承担的民事赔偿纳入其财产范围中,依法适用缓、减、免制度。可将民事赔偿权利人纳入刑事财产刑及行政罚款执行程序的案外人中,借助执行异议和执行中止,确保民事赔偿优先的实现。

The priority for civil damage liability is stipulated by Article IV Item II of China's Tort Liability Law,in which identity of unlawful act is taken as a requirement for the application,including two basic elements: the unicity and uniqueness in number as well as the repeatability and conflict in monetary liability. Restricted by the objects it regulates,Tort Liability Law only establishes the priority for civil damage liability,and yet priorities exist in other civil liabilities.The future Civil Code should establish the principle of priority for civil damage liability. Procedural guaranty system should also be established in connection with the principle of priority for civil damage liability. The administrative organs and People's courts should apply the rule in delaying,reducing and exempting liabilities in accordance with the laws when enforcing administrative penalties and property-oriented penalties,and should have civil priority right holders included in outside applicants,to ensure the realization of priority for civil damage liability by use of objection to enforcement and suspension of enforcement.