“司法中心”环境权理论之批判

Critical Review of“Judicial-Centered”Model of Environmental Right Theory

自上世纪80年代早期至今,环境权逐渐成为我国环境法学界的一个研究热点。为了实现环境法学科的独立和回应当代中国日益恶化的环境问题,历经30余年的环境权研究逐渐呈现出一种"司法中心"的环境权理论建构模式。"司法中心"的环境权理论呈现出"权利实体化"和"可司法性"的特征,旨在通过公民提起环境诉讼,达到环境保护的目的。但是,在现代风险社会中,环境问题源自现代科技运用所造成的环境风险,环境风险具有复杂的科技背景、高度不确定性和广泛的利益冲突等特征。传统的"司法中心"的环境权理论因其过度强调环境利益的权利面向以及司法程序本身的高度对抗性和事后性,难以有效减少环境风险,实现环境保护的目的。基于此,今后的环境权研究,应当从"司法中心"的实体性环境权理论建构转向环境行政的正当程序研究,尤其是要建构合理有效的环境行政公众参与机制,化解现代社会中环境风险规制面临的合法性危机。

Since the early 1980s to date, the environmental right has gradually become the focus in the field of environmental law in China. In order to implement independence of environmental law disciplinary, and as a response to the worsening environmental problem in contemporary China, after more than thirty years, the research of environmental right theory has turned to the ＂judicial- centered＂ model which presents ＂rights materialization＂ and ＂judicial＂ characteristics, aiming to achieve the goal of environmental protection through citizen environmental lawsuits. However, the environment problem derived from the environmental risks is caused by the use of science and technology in modern society. Environmental risks have some characteristics of high complexity context of science and technology, high uncertainty, intense conflict of interest and value. The traditional ＂judicial-centered＂ model of the environmental right theory excessively emphasizes on right attribution of environmental interest, and highly adversarial nature and the judicial process itself which result in the fact that it is difficult to effectively reduce environmental risks, to achieve the purpose of environmental protection. Bearing these factors in mind, the research of environmental right should abandon the traditional judicial- centered model of environmental right theory and toward the construction of environmental administrative due process, especially the construction of reasonable public participation mechanism in environmental administration, to resolve the legitimacy crisis of environmental risk regulation in the modem society.