明代河南省镇营兵制指挥系统设置考述

Study on the Command System of Provincial and Town's Camp-soldier System in Henan Province during the Ming Dynasty

明代中后期的军事制度主要是省镇营兵制,其指挥系统包括文臣、武将及镇守内臣。河南省镇营兵制指挥系统文臣设置方面,只有巡抚一职而并无总督。宣德年间,开始派驻河南巡抚,在正统、成化年间逐渐掌管河南军政大权,成为凌驾于三司之上的军、政官员。巡抚之下是守、巡、兵备道一级的官员,分守道是布政司的派出官员,分巡道是按察司的派出官员,兵备道一般多由分巡、分守等官员兼任,他们的主要职责是协调卫与府(或副、参与有司)军政分立的问题。武将方面,河南常设之武将为守备一级。守备级别不高,不仅听督抚、同时也受各道及厅级官员节制。明代中后期,河南守备武将数量并不多,大概维持在五个左右。从文臣和武将的设置及河南营兵制发展情况看,有明一代河南的作战与防御任务相对不重,其省镇营兵制的发展不如九边完备。

The military system is the system of provincial and town＇s camp-soldier in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The command system is consisted of the governors, the military officers and the eunuchs. At the governors＇ aspect is the Xunfu, who worked in Henan province during the Xuande period and gradually hold the political and military power. The governors also include Fenshoudao, Fenxundao and Bingbeidao. Fenshoudao is the officer of the government of Henan province. Fenxundao is the judicial officer of the government. Bingbeidao is usually part-timely hold by Fenshoudao and Fenxundao, whose task is to keep the cooperation between the government and the military in the local region. At the military officers＇ aspect, the post of the military is Shoubei, whose level is low, to take orders from the Zongduo and Xunfu and also be supervise by the governors. The number of Shoubei is around five at the middle-late of Ming Dynasty. The officer＇ s setting and the development of provincial and town＇ s camp-soldier＇ s system shows that the system is less developed in Henan province.