北宋国子监画学课业中的经律习诵

Studying and Reciting Classics and Laws in the Schoolwork of the Imperial Academy Painting College in the Northern Song Dynasty

经律习诵是北宋国子监画学课业的重要组成部分,分必修和选修两类。前者包括《说文》、《尔雅》、《方言》、《释名》四种经部小学类典籍,通过习修可以使画学生"通画意",提高准确认识和把握绘画对象的特征及鉴评绘画的能力,其中《说文》"书篆字"的要求也有助于技法水平的提高。后者为习诵经书或读律,根据画学生的身份分为士流、杂流两种情况。这种分类兼顾学生的文化基础和未来前程,既有专业方面的考虑,也有政治方面的原因。从专业角度看,修习儒家经典可以加强和提高画学生对绘画理论的认识;从政治方面看,国子监画学的创办是崇宁兴学的重要组成部分,其目的除了培养绘画人才之外,还在于能够从中选拔优秀者直接授官从政,故须画学生熟悉必要的儒家经书或朝廷律令。画学的这种课业安排对徽宗朝及宋室南渡后的官方绘画创作都产生了积极的影响。

Studying and reciting classics and laws was an important component in the schoolwork of Imperial Academy Painting College in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was derided into compulsory ones and selective ones. The compulsory courses were four kinds Primary Learning books of Confucian classics, including Shuowen, Erya, Fangyan and Shirning. Through leafing them, drawing students can understand the painting flavor, and improve the ability to accurately understand and grasp the characteristics of painting objects and the ability of painting identification and evaluation. Among them, the requirement of writing seal characters in Shuowen can also be helpful to the improvement of the technical level. The selective courses were studying and reciting classics and laws. According to the drawing students＇ identity, it was devided into two cases ： intellectuals and craftman. This classification gave consideration to both the cultural basis and the future of the drawing students, it not only had professional reasons, hut also had political reasons. From a professional point of view, the studying of Confucian classics can strengthen and improve the drawing students＂ understanding of painting theory. From the political perspective, the founder of Imperial Academy Painting College is an important part of Chongning schooling. It not only can cultivate the painting talent, also it can help to select the outstanding ones to be granted officials in politics directly, so it was necessary for drawing students to familiarize with the Confucian classics or government regulations. This arrangement in the Imperial Academy Painting College had a positive effect to the official painting creation of Huizong Dynasty and Southen Song Dynasty.