论行政调查中之行政强制行为

On Administrative Coercion Behavior in Administrative Investigation

行政调查系指行政机关为达成特定之行政目的,所从事之各种资料搜集活动。行政机关于从事行政调查时,依据"职权调查主义",不受当事人主张之拘束,并承担调查事实之责任。惟有调查遇有困难,可由当事人依法律规定提供协助,但对事件之澄清责任仍应由行政机关承担。当事人若未尽协力义务,除非法律有特别规定,否则不得强制其履行。任意性之调查行为不具处分性,无"行政执行法"之适用。间接强制之调查行为应属行政处分。违反此种协力义务者应受行政罚上之罚款作为制裁之手段,故不得再依"行政执行法"采取强制执行措施。直接强制之调查行为属事实行为,但事先要求当事人接受调查之行为,应仍具处分性,应受"行政执行法"之约束。直接强制调查行为在法律保留之要求上较无疑义,惟调查时应遵守比例原则和法定程序。行政机关于从事行政调查时,法律若未有赋予其得强制进入之权限,则行政机关原则上仍不得采取强制进入之方式。行政调查于声请令状后皆可从事行政搜索,于个别法律之规定中,单独明定得声请令状实施行政搜索应有容许空间。有关临时进入检查,应践行通知之程序。惟基于较为重大之公益之考虑,且经事先通知将无法达到调查目的之情形,应可容许有不经事先通知之临时检查。倘当事人拒绝放行,须视此种调查是否有得直接施以强制力之规定而定,若法规允许,自得以强制力排除当事人之阻碍,否则仍只能以间接制裁之方式。当行政机关已进入关系人之场所实施检查时,不论是否以直接强制力进入,除进行相关检查外,原则上不得附带从事搜索行为,或对相关证据予以扣留。

The administrative investigation includes various material gathering activities done by the administrative body for particular administrative purposes. Such behaviors are empowered by the ＇investigation powers doctrine＇ instead of the parties＇ application to carry out the responsibility of investigating the fact. Only when difficulties occur, the parties are required to assist according to related laws, nevertheless, the responsibility of declaring the event should still be carried out by the administrative body. Except for any specific rules of the law, otherwise the parties should not be compelled if they do not assist. Arbitrary investigation behaviors should not be applied to the administrative enforcement law to punish while indirect coercion investigation behaviors should. Those who break such obligations should be subject to a fine. But besides this, there is no more need to assist. Direct coercion investigation behaviors belong to fact behaviors but the prior behaviors informing the parties to assist should be applied to the administrative enforcement law to punish. There is no dispute about the idea of direct coercion investigation behaviors at the legal reservation level, but the proportionality principle and legal procedures should be complied with during the investigation. When carrying out the administrative investigation, except for clear empowerment by laws, the administrative body should not enter the room compulsorily. After getting related warrant, the administrative body can make investigation search, except for those reserved by laws. Before temporary entry, the informing procedure should be carried out. Only for major public interest and under the consideration of not achieving the purpose for prior informing, the administrative body can make temporary entry with out carrying out the informing procedure. If the parties refuse to release, the circumstances should be considered. If there is related rules defining the behaviors as direct coercion investigation then the coercion can be applied while if not only indirect fine can be used. After entry, no matter by coercion or not, in principle only related checks can be carried out but no search or evidence withholding should be done.