与生猪产业发展联动的中国沼气工程建设现状分析

Status analysis of biogas plants construction associated with development of live pig industry in China

该文分析了2007-2012年期间全国各地生猪产业规模化发展的数据以及与之相适应的沼气工程建设情况。随着全国生猪产业的发展和调整,标准化规模猪场发展迅速,2012年中国年出栏500头以上的生猪规模养殖比例达38.5%,5a中这类规模养殖猪场数量净增加一倍。规模养殖场的增加给沼气工程建设带来了契机,尤其沿海地区和西南地区的大中型猪场沼气工程覆盖率已经达到80%以上。另一方面,这一阶段旧沼气工程报废数量较多。在影响沼气工程使用甚至废弃的诸多原因中,生猪产业调整和市场变化对沼气工程正常运行影响突出。作为农业基础设施的沼气工程建设格局和发展速度正在转型升级,为了进一步发挥沼气工程治理养殖污染的作用,特建议:1)通过产业龙头企业带动提升沼气装置建设和运营管理水平;2)政府将建设大型和特大型沼气工程作为今后财政扶持的重点,同时提高参与沼气工程建设和运营管理的企业准入门槛;3)限制采用曝气好氧方式后处理沼液。

The data of live pig industry development scale in China and the corresponding construction status of biogas plants from 2007 to 2012 were analyzed in the study. With the development and adjustment of live pig industry, large-scale standardized pig farms grew very fast. In the year of 2012, the proportion of scale pig-breeding farms by which more than 500 live pigs were sold every year achieved 38.5%in the whole country, while the number of pig farms at those scales was doubled during the 5 years. The increase of scale pig-breeding provided the opportunity for biogas plant construction. Thus, there was a rapid development of biogas plant construction in the 4 dominant pig-breeding areas. By the end of 2012, the number of breeding farms’ biogas plants in rural regions of China has reached 91 600, which increased by 3 times that in 2007. Especially, the biogas plant coverage of medium-scale and large-scale pig farms in coastal and southwest areas reached more than 80%. On the other hand, there were a larger number of disabled biogas plants during this period. Due to the influence of regional resources, agricultural structure, climate and technology maturity, both the biogas plant construction status associated with live pig industry development and the quality of construction and operation management were uneven. Among all the factors that affected biogas plant’s usage and discarding, live pig industry adjustment and market fluctuation played an important role in the normal operation of biogas plants. For this economic development model of biogas plants in the new era, China has paid more attention to the sustainability, the developing quality, the construction pattern and the development speed of biogas plants, which are served as basic agricultural facilities and are faced with the challenge of model change and upgrade. In order to enhance biogas plant’s ability of treating livestock industry pollution, we have the following suggestions： 1） improve the quality of biogas production installation and the level of operation management with the help of leading enterprise in pig industry, and encourage the enterprises to establish their own quality standard of biogas plant construction and operation management, 2） emphasize the financial support on large and super-large scale biogas plants by the government and enhance the entering requirements of enterprises involved in biogas plant construction and operation management, 3） improve the functions of balance development between farm breeding and crop planting that are associated with biogas plants, promote the development of ecological and circulatory agriculture and restrict the usage of aerobic ways for post-treatment of digested slurry in the future.