“意义不同,分布也不同”原理在古书疑难词句考释中的实践——以《论语》《孟子》《汉书》为例

Principle of “Different Meaning, Different Order” in Interpretation of Difficult Words and Sentences in Ancient Books——With Lun Yu(the Analects), Mencius and Han Shu as Examples

某一词、或某一个词的多个义位,其出现的上下文条件是不同的。一个词出现在特定的句子中,该句子就已经锁定了其义位。其原理可以归纳为:意义不同,分布也不同。因此,要想知道句中某字到底是哪个词,应该考察其分布;要想知道句中某词是其本义和若干引申义中的哪一意义,应该考察其分布。其具体步骤为"书证归纳格式,格式凸显意义"。本文依据这一原理和步骤,考察了《论语》《孟子》《汉书》中的八个古今见仁见智的词句。

A word has different meanings in different context. Its meaning can be fixed in a specific sentence. This can be summarized as a principle of ＂different meaning, different order ＂. Therefore, it is the distribution of a word in a specific sentence by which the part of speech, the specific meaning, etc. of the word can be determined. The steps are： summing up the pattern by the examples from the ancient books, then fixing the meaning of the word through the pattern. The paper studies 8 ambiguous words and sentences in Lun Yu （the A nalects ）, Mencius and Han Shu according to this principle and the steps.