《考工记》与传统手工艺的观念

The Artificers Record and the Idea of Traditional Handicrafts

中国传统手工艺的观念与古代的哲学思想在很大程度上是重合的,春秋战国时期的诸子百家在论道的过程中多以手工艺为例,曾涉及文与质、物与欲、道与器、技与艺、用与美等与工艺相关的问题。《考工记》提出在造物之前应"审曲面势",从观察材料的物理和物性开始,确定设计方案和制作工艺。而在造物的过程中,必须注意到"天有时、地有气、工有巧、材有美,合此四者然后可以为良"。其中的天时、地气、材美是造物过程中的客观因素,工巧则是对这些客观因素的处理。这些思想观念和准则规范对后世的造物艺术产生了极为深远的影响。

The idea of Chinese traditional handicrafts coincide with ancient philosophical thoughts to a great ex- tent. Hundreds of schools in the Spring and Autumn period were always taking handicrafts as examples to reason things out. They had dealt with such issues as content and form, object and desire, craft and art, technology and art, and utility and beauty. In the Artificers Record, the author proposed that to make a thing, we should start from the analysis of the physical property of the material and then determine the design and craft of it. But during the process of manufacture, we must understand that ＂good time, environment, material, and craft ensure good prod- ucts＂. Among them, the time, environment, material are objective factors while crafts are the processing of them. These ideas and guidelines are very influential for creative arts in later generations.