个人自治、国家强制与集体自治在劳动关系协调中的互动——基于对德国劳动关系协调机制的梳理

The Interaction between Individual Autonomy, National Compulsory and Collective Autonomy in the Coordination of Industrial Relations

德国法中存在着私人自治、集体自治手段以及国家强制等三种不同的劳动关系协调机制。这种多元协调机制体现了不同层级的利益代表对劳动关系协调的参与。上述不同协调机制之间的关系在于,劳动合同起着基础性作用,但劳动合同受国家立法控制;团体协议和工厂协议对劳动者和用人单位具有直接并且强制的规范效力;集体协议在功能上对国家强制具有优先地位,在效力上对国家强制具有劣后地位;团体协议和工厂协议这两个不同的集体合同机制存在着功能、取向、对象与效力的区分;雇主指挥权是效力最低的协调劳动关系的手段。进入二十一世纪以来,德国以集体合同为核心的劳动关系协调体制因工会入会率下降和资本全球流动带来的工会谈判能力下降而面临新挑战,国家立法因此日益强化。德国的上述经验值得我们在建构协调劳动关系的机制时予以借鉴。

In german labor law, there are three mechanisms to coordinate the industrial relations： individual autonomy, national compulsory and collective autonomy. The multiple mechanism embody the participation of different interest groups in the coordination of the industrial relations. The relationship of different mechanisms is as follows. Labor contract is basic, but the compulsive law restrict it. The ＂Tarifvertrag＂ and ＂Betriebsvereinbarang＂ have direct and compulsive effect to contract. All collective contracts have functional priority against legislation, but the compulsive law has effective priority against collective contracts. ＂Tarifvertrag＂ and ＂Betriebsvereinbartmg＂ have different function, orientation, object and effect. The dominative right of employer functions under the control of laws, collective contracts and labor contract. In the 21 st century, the german system faces to some new challenge, because of the globalization and the decline of amount of the trade union member. So the legislation becomes more important. We can reference the german experience when we build our system.