中国传统司法判例情理表达的方式——以《刑案汇览》中裁判依据的选取为视角

The Way of the Expressing of Emotion and Reason about Chinese Traditional Judicial Precedent——Based on the Cases in Xing-an-hui-lan(Conspectus of Penal Cases) in Qing Dynasty

司法过程以案件事实与裁判依据的确定为核心。中国传统司法也不例外。《刑案汇览》所载案例,真实反映了当时司法裁判依据的选取过程,而这也是案件审理中最需解决的问题。面对不同的案件事实,司法官员往往面临着三种情况:有明确的律例、有含糊不确定的律例、律例无文。对此,司法官员采用比附、类比、解释、综合论证等各种司法方法,选取并确定最适合本案的裁判依据。而这一过程所依据的就是案件所涉的情理,以达到"情法两平"。这早已不是一个机械的、形式逻辑的简单思考过程,而是一个体现了实质正义要求、富有实质逻辑思考、同时也体现了形式逻辑综合性的推理过程。这一过程中司法方法的运用,集中体现了中国传统司法判例情理表达的方式。

The core of the judicial process is to determine the facts of the case and find out the basis of judicial judgments. So do the traditional Chinese justice. The cases in Xing - an - hui - lan in Qing dynasty, truly reflected that the determination - making process is the most biggest problem in cases. Facing different facts of the case, judicial officials often meet three circumstances： with a clear statute, with vague uncertain statutes, and without statutes in this regard. Judicial officials use the analogy, explanation, argumentation and other comprehensive judicial methods, select and determine the most appropriate basis for the case. The impli- cations of this process is emotional and reasonable, in order to achieve the balance of emotion and law. This is no longer a mechanical, formal logical process, but a presentation of the essence of justice requirement, and rich essence of logical thinking. The judicial approach in the process reflects the way of the expression of emotion and reason about the Chinese traditional precedent.