哈曼“美学”与“语言学”中的语言及哲学问题(上)

Language and Metaphysics in Johann Georg Hamann's Aesthetica in Nuce and Philologische Einflle und Zweifel

哈曼是第一个对启蒙运动提出系统批判和深刻质疑的思想家,享有"德国文学全盛时期开山之父"的美誉。随着康德在德国哲学界的影响日益深远,人们对他批评康德的那些深刻理论日渐遗忘。但哈曼那些基于语言、经验和传统文化的批评,尤其是对康德理性概念的批评,迄今为止,仍当在最精辟的批评理论之列。尽管哈曼早期接受的是启蒙主义教育,但自其皈依基督教之后,便成为抨击启蒙理性的重量级批评家。他以启蒙运动的哲学工具来坚守看似非理性主义的宗教立场,在这一点上,哈曼扮演着不可替代的角色。在哈曼的"美学"和"语言学"著作中,有关语言、图像与服饰、抽象与具名、词语与传统、启示与美学、言说与翻译等问题的论述,是他那个时代对语言和美学最深刻的思考之一。尤其是他所创立的以启蒙话语和启蒙思维作为批判工具的主导模式,当在德国哲学最迷人的华彩篇章之列。

The broad development of German philosophy since Immanuel Kant has obscured the work of Johann Georg Hamann ( 1730 - 1788) from the very beginning due to the way in which Hamann' s main concerns conflicted with the idea of reason as an autonomous faculty. Yet, Hamann' s work presents one of the most incisive critiques of the Kantian notion of reason and Enlightenment-based thinking in general, a critique that prioritizes language, experience, and tradition as the foundations of knowledge. Hamann' s marginalization from academic discourse began during his life when, after university training in an Enlightenment context, he made a sudden conversion to Christianity that led him to reject many of the basic presuppositions of Enlightenment-era philosophy. He attacked the self-sufficiency of reason, defended the legitimacy of religious revelation, and championed a commitment to tradition. He was unique, however, in his ability to use the philosophical tools of the Enlightenment in order to defend these seemingly irrationalist positions.