传统担保物权法律定位问题研究——以私法史为视角

A Research on the Position of Traditional Security Interest in Civil Code --Perspective on Private Law History

在传统大陆法中，物的担保制度仅有抵押和质押两种。这两种制度被罗马法学家们视为合同的一种。罗马法对物的担保关系中当事人权利的保护手段经历了从令状到诉权、从对人之诉到对物之诉的过程。中世纪和文艺复兴时期的法学家们依照不同的理念和方法整理罗马人的法律，构筑了不同的民法理论体系，为质权和抵押权法律性质的争论埋下了伏笔。后来的学者们因为社会历史背景的原因对质权和抵押权性质产生了不同认识，并导致《法国民法典》以及《德国民法典》对相关内容的不同安排。时至今日，世界各国民法典中选用德国式担保物权体例的，对质权和抵押权的规定基本没有什么变化；而选择了法国式物的担保体例的，乃至《法国民法典》自身，大多都对其中物的担保部分进行了修订。

In traditional continental law system, there only have two types of guarantee system of mortgage,that is, pignus and hypotheca, which were regarded as ＂conventum＂ in Roman Law. The protection means of guarantee the rights of the parties on the relationship between objects in the Rome law has undergone the process from ＂a wirt＂ to ＂the right of appeal＂, from＂ action in personam＂ to ＂ac- tio in rein＂. The jurists in Medieval and Renaissance who explained Roman law according to their own experiences and methods, had resulted in different civil law theory systems, and left some uncertainty and controversy over the nature of pignus and hypotheca. Because of the historical and cultural differences, scholars have different understanding of the nature of them , which resulted in different arrange- ments on the property of security regimes in the French Civil Code and German Civil Code. Now, there is no development in the provisions of pignus and hypothe- ca in civil code which select German property security regimes system. The coun- tries which choose French property security regimes system have revised parts of the provisions ,including the＂ French Civil Code＂ itself.