新被字句中“被-”标记的类化与泛化

Categorization and Semantic Extension of bei in New bei Constructions

在日常交际特别是网络中,新被字句(如"被自杀"、"被代表"等)屡见不鲜,俨然成为一种很受欢迎的固定表达。在新被字句中,"被-"是一种标记,但未必是被动标记。新被字句从传统被字句中剥离出来,"被"的意义经历了语义浓缩,被"专化";其后又作为一种原型义参与到其他词汇的组合中,构成"被XX"词族,且被赋予新的语义,这是"类化"的过程;最后,随着使用范围的扩大,"被-"在保留基本语义的基础上,失去了某些语义特征,这就是"泛化"。在此过程中,"被-"标记逐渐完成语法化的过程。

In daily communication,especially on the Internet,new bei constructions,“bei zisha”and “bei daibiao”for instance,is very common,and has become a popular fixed expression.These constructions all possess a marker,bei-,yet not necessarily a marker of passivity and originate from conventional bei constructions,a common form of passives in Chinese.The semantic meaning of bei-in new bei constructions undergoes semantic condensation,i.e.,specialization.Afterwards,bei-forms a category of constructions and is endowed with new meanings,which is named as a process of categorization.Finally,with the expansion of using range,some semantic features of bei-get lost while others basic ones remain with the extensive use over time,during which the marker bei-becomes grammaticalized.