四种入侵植物提取液对褐云玛瑙蜗牛的防控效果

Effects of prevention and control of extracting solution from four invasive plants on Achatina Fulica

实验室内观察了4种入侵植物水提取液对褐云玛瑙蜗牛成体和幼体的触杀及抑制蜗牛卵发育效果的差异性。结果表明:(1)以1.0 g/m L薇甘菊和南美蟛蜞菊水提取液对蜗牛喷杀处理,对蜗牛触杀的有效时间分别为82 h和118 h;马樱丹触杀蜗牛的致死时间和有效时间最慢,4种入侵植物水提取液对成体褐云玛瑙蜗牛触杀效果强弱顺序为:薇甘菊>南美蟛蜞菊>五爪金龙>马缨丹。(2)1.0 g/m L的4种入侵植物水取液对幼体蜗牛触杀的有效时间比成体蜗牛缩短2倍以上,幼体蜗牛个体死亡数量呈急剧增加趋势,而成体蜗牛个体死亡数量呈相对平缓的增加趋势。(3)1.0、1.5 g/m L及2.0 g/m L薇甘菊水提取液对成体蜗牛触杀效果差异显著(P<0.05)。以2.0 g/m L薇甘菊水提取液触杀蜗牛的有效时间最短,与10%的四聚乙醛处理组相当,为78 h,显著少于1.5 g/m L的96 h和1.0 g/m L的130 h。(4)褐云玛瑙蜗牛卵发育对1.0 g/m L的4种入侵植物水提取液的干扰表现更为敏感。1.0 g/m L的薇甘菊水提取液抑制蜗牛卵发育的效果最好,抑制率达81.67%,且与其它处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。而1.0 g/m L的马缨丹提取液优于五爪金龙提取液对褐云玛瑙蜗牛卵的抑制效果则表明入侵植物内源次生成分对不同发育时期的动物的防控效果存在差异。1.0 g/m L入侵植物水提取液各处理组对褐云玛瑙蜗牛卵发育抑制效果由强至弱的顺序为:薇甘菊>南美蟛蜞菊>马缨丹>五爪金龙。总之,4种入侵植物对褐云玛瑙蜗牛成体、幼体和卵均具有较好的触杀与抑制作用,利用入侵植物防控入侵动物,以害制害,化害为利,是一种具有良好应用前景的环境友好型生物防治措施。

Botanical pesticides have many advantages, including high efficiency, low toxicity, and environment friendliness. South China has large numbers of various invasive plants that are fast growing. Therefore,it is difficult to effectively control the proliferation and spreading of the invasive populations. It has been shown that invasive plants typically contain abundant secondary metabolites with strong physiological activities, such as terpenes, alkenes, lactones,flavonoids,and volatile oils. Adequate research on invasive plants might promote the development,controlled growth,and utilization of invasive plants as botanical pesticides,thereby converting the harm that they cause into significant economical and ecological benefits. Achatina fulica,which originated in East Africa,is a Class II harmful alien organism according to General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People＇ s Republic of China（ AQSIQ）.Currently,A. fulica is widespread in South China and has shown strong reproductive ability and fast population diffusion,causing severe damages to vegetables and crops,as well as the natural ecosystem. In this study,we collected wild A. fulica and reared them in the lab. Further, the water extracts of four major invasive plants in southern China—Mikaniamicrantha,Wedelia trilobata,Ipomoea cairica,and Lantana camara—were prepared and their individual contact toxicities on A. fulica larvae and adults and inhibiting effects on egg development were compared. The comparison results were used to evaluate the prevention and control effects of the 4 invasive plants on A. fulica,as part of the primary screening of snailrestricting plants. The results showed the following：（ 1） Spraying 1. 0 g / m L water extracts of Mikania micrantha and Wedelia trilobata on Achatina Fulica has fastest killing effect,the snail contact killing times were 82 h and 118 h,respectively; Lantana camara showed the longest killing time and effective time of snail contact killing. The order of snail killing effects of the 4 invasive plant water extracts is Mikania micrantha Wedelia trilobata Ipomoea cairica Lantana camara.（ 2） The 1. 0 g / m L water extracts showed highly significant contact-killing effects on snail larvae. However,more than twice lower contact killing times of each treatment were noted on the adult snails than on the larvae. A sharp increasing trend was noted in the number of dead larvae,whereas a relatively slower increasing trend was observed for the number of dead adults.（ 3） The 1. 0,1. 5,and 2. 0 g / m L M. micrantha water extracts showed significantly different contact-killing effects on adult snails（ P 〈0. 05）,where high-concentration M. micrantha water extract had short contact killing time—2. 0 g / m L had the shortest effective contact killing time of 78 h,which was equivalent to that of 10% metaldehyde and significantly less than the 96 h with 1. 5 g / m L and 130 h with 1. 0 g / m L extract.（ 4） The egg development of A. fulica was highly sensitive to 1. 0 g / m L water extracts of the 4 invasive plants,among which 1. 0 g / m L M. micrantha water extract showed the best inhibiting effect as high as 81. 67%（ P 〈0. 05）. Further,1. 0 g / m L L. camara water extract showed better inhibiting effect on the eggs of A. fulica than of I. cairica,indicating that endogenous secondary compositions in the invasive plant extracts have different prevention and control effects on animals at different development stages. The order of inhibiting effects of 1. 0 g / m L water extracts of the 4 invasive plants on A. fulica eggs in the order of the strongest to the weakest was as follows： M. micrantha W. trilobata L. camara I. cairica. In conclusion,all 4 invasive plants showed good contact killing and inhibiting effects on the adult,larva,and egg of A. fulica. Thus,using invasive plants to prevent and control invasive animals is an environment friendly measure for biological prevention and control and has great application prospects.