明代的庶吉士教习官

Teaching Officers of Hanlin Bachelors in Ming Dynasty

庶吉士教习官在庶吉士管理和进学活动中处于主导地位,自宣德五年至明亡,实任教习官共有110名,几乎都是鼎甲进士和庶吉士出身,与庶吉士形成了较为合理的功名和文化素养层次结构;教习官最初由翰、詹官充任,适应庶吉士日益成为阁臣主要来源的变化,弘治后则改由太常寺卿、吏(礼)部侍郎乃至尚书兼翰林学士或侍读(讲)学士充任,其品级也升至三品乃至正二品。教习官教习内容以诗文为主,虽难以适应培养庶吉士成为高级辅政人才的需要,却始终未得改变;教习官无固定任期,再加后期更换较频,也不利于教习质量的提高。教习官一般由阁臣推荐产生,不仅本身成为阁臣的重要人选,而且成为维系阁臣和庶吉士关系的重要纽带。

The teaching officers of the Hanlin Bachelors played a leading role in the management and learning activities of Hanlin Bachelors. They had a total of 110 from the fifth year of Xuande to the end of Ming Dynasty and almost all of them were the origins of the top three jinshi and Hanlin Bachelors, which formed a relatively reasonable structure of rank, fame and culture between them and Hanlin Bachelors. At first, the teaching officers were taken charge by the officers of Hanlin Academy or supervisors of the Household of the Heir Apparent, in order to adapt to the change that the Hanlin Bachelors were increasingly becoming the main source of the cabinet ministers. After Hongzhi Era, they were held by the chief officers of Taichang Temple, vice-ministers and ministers of Ministry of Personnel＆Rites, which doubled as the Han fin Academician and the academician of serving study＆reading. At the same time, the grades of the teaching officers were also rose to three, even two. The main contents of teaching were ancient poetry and prose, although they were difficult to adapt to the need to train the Hanlin Bachelors to became the senior assistants of government affairs, they weren＇t changed. The teaching officers had not a fixed tenure,plus a higher replacement frequency in the late Ming Dynasty, which was bad for improving the quality of teaching. The teaching officers generally recommended by the cabinet ministers. They were not only the main sources of the cabinet ministers, but also became an important link to maintain the relationship between the cabinet ministers and Hanlin Bachelors.