清代“千里长堤”考辨

The Research about the “Long Riverbank” in Qing Dynasty

文章选择清代所修"千里长堤"为研究对象,通过对各种史料的查考,认为长堤的兴修起于康熙三十七年将明代各州县所修堤堰连在一起的清河南堤,经过十一州县,长度七百余里。康熙三十九年又修河间府境内滹沱子牙河堤,长度增至九百五十四里。乾隆二年由"钦堤"定为"千里长堤",三十二年将格淀堤与长堤连在一起,所修工段属于长堤,才使其突破千里。道光初年,滹沱子牙河堤被剥离出"千里长堤",长堤里距又缩减为四百余里。长堤的兴修有民堤官修和官堤民修两种形态。清晚期后,堤防制度愈益废弛,加之淀口淤塞、河身抬升,使得"千里长堤"逐渐消逝于时人记载中。

This study is expected to focus on the＂long riverbank＂built in Qing dynasty.It holds an idea that the＂long riverbank＂was first built in thirty-seven years of Kangxi（1698AD）,through connected the dikes together,which were built by counties in Ming dynasty.The riverbank crossed eleven counties,and its length was more than 700 li.Then,the imperial government built dikes along the Hu tuo river and Zi ya river in He Jian fu,in thirty-nine years of Kangxi（1700AD）,its length reached 954 li.Its name was changed from＂imperial dike＂to＂long riverbank＂in two years of Qianlong（1737AD）.In thirty-two years of Qianlong（1767AD）,a riverbank was built to connected between the＂long riverbank＂and Ge dian dike,its length finally reached over 1000 li.The dike of Hu tuo river and Zi ya river was excluded from the＂long riverbank＂in early years of Daoguang,so its length reduced to more than 400 li.The riverbank was built in two ways,either government built nongovernmental dikes,or nongovernment built governmental riverbank.In late Qing dynasty,as management system failure,the lake outlets was silted up,the＂long riverbank＂was disappeared from sight.