能动抑或克制:国际海底管理局的造法理念

Activism or Restraint : The Law-making Philosophy of the International Seabed Authority

国际海底管理局的国际组织本质决定了其规章只有在公约设定的框架范围内制定方能直接生效。在造法过程中,管理局发挥能动性,对探矿规定和勘探合同加以具体化和补充,细化勘探申请者的资格要求,发展了保护海洋环境的规则,创新开发模式,阐明程序规则。但对预防做法、反垄断判断标准和管理局参与方式的斟酌,均表明克制才是管理局造法的本来面目。然而,对申请费的修改却反映了管理局近来超越克制的动向。

The regulations of the International Seabed Authority, which is essentially an international organiza- tion, can come into force only if it is made within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In its law making practice, the International Seabed Authority substantiates the rules and contracts for exploration, details the qualification requirement for exploration applicants, develops the rules of marine envi- ronment protection, innovates exploration modes, and clarifies procedures , etc. However, the deliberation of precautionary approach, the ultimate lack of antimonopoly criteria, and the limited participation patterns of the International Seabed Authority in exploration show that restraint is its real face as a lawmaker. It is worth noting that the modification of the application fee reflects the tendency of the International Seabed Authority to surpass restrain.