应正确解读雍正朝的改土归流

Corrective Understanding Bureaucratization of Native Officers of Emperor Yongzheng

雍正朝的改土归流是历史上规模最大、影响最深的一次改流活动,成为清代土司制度发生根本性变化的转折点。那种认为雍正朝的改土归流是为了防止西南地方势力转化倒戈、策应漠西蒙古南下而做出的重大战略部署的观点是没有历史根据的。另外,从制度层面考察,雍正改流后,不仅在土司职衔的设置、承袭制度、贡赋制度、奖惩制度等方面发生了重大变化,还创立了土司分袭制度、安插制度,推行了土司养廉及分别流土考成等条例。因此,认为雍正朝改土归流不是针对土司制度的改革的结论也是难以成立的。

The bureaucratization of native offices of Emperor Yongzheng was the biggest and deepest one in history, and became the turning point of native chieftain system in Qing Dynasty. The view of thinking it as the key strategy for preventing the changes and conversions of southwestern local force and moving south of Mongolians in Moxi is lack of proof. Besides, from the system level, not only some significant changes had happened upon chieftain post, inheriting system, geld system and system of rewards and penalties after that, but established the system of appointing and inheriting officers , assigning system and carried out discouraging corruption among chieftains ,respective assessment for native officers and etc. Therefore, the conclusion that thinks the bureaucratization of native officers of Emperor Yongzheng was not for the reform against the chieftain system is untenable.