试论土司的“地方化”与“国家化”——以鄂西地区为例

A Tentative Study on "Localization" and "Nationalization" of Chieftain——Take the Western Region of Hubei Province as Example

土司制度形成、发展的历史,始终渗透、交织着"国家化"与"地方化"两种面向。鄂西地区的方志、谱书等材料显示,当地土司先祖多为中原流官,他们有着模糊、乃至想象的祖先记忆与国家认同。后因政权更迭,这些流官先祖入土为"酋",开启了其"本地化"的历史。元明时期,土司制兴起,这些先祖获封土司,被纳入"王化"。清代实行改土归流,变土司区为流官经营,试图将土司之地完全纳入"国家化"范围,以达到去除其"地方化"的目的。改流导致土司区文化受到冲击,但其"土著"特性在与外来文化的接触、碰撞中却得到最大程度彰显。因此,改土归流既是土司区"国家化"的深化,同时也强化了区域内民众的地方认同与族群认同。

The forming and developing history of the chieftain system has always interfaced and penetrated the two directions of ＂localization＂ and ＂nationalization＂. From the local documents and pedigree books, most ancestors of local chieftains were assigned officers from Central Plain who had vague and even imagined memories about their ancestors and national identification. Later, as the regime changes, these officers＇ ancestors were localized natively as ＂chieftain＂, which opened the history of ＂localization＂. During Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the chieftain system began to rise, these ancestors were titled as chieftain and adopted as ＂ king converting ＂. Qing dynasty conducted bureaucratization of native officers, took the running of chieftain area over to floating officers, tried to bring the land of chieftains into the scope of ＂nationalization＂ so as to reach the aim of wiping off ＂localization＂. It resulted in great impact on local culture, but its ＂aborigines＂ feature was immensely manifested in the touch with external culture. Therefore, it was not only the deepening of ＂nationalization＂ in chieftain areas and strengthened the local identity and ethnic identity of the public in the region.