对羟基苯甲酸酯类防腐剂的人体暴露

Human Exposure to Parabens

在过去50年中,对羟基苯甲酸酯类防腐剂(parabens)被广泛用于食品、药品和化妆品的生产中。常用的parabens包括对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、乙酯、丙酯、丁酯、异丙酯和异丁酯。此类防腐剂已在人体血液和尿液中广泛检出,在人体内主要以代谢物对羟基苯甲酸的形式存在。研究表明,该类防腐剂可能与乳腺癌的发病有关,动物实验表明该类防腐剂可能具有雌激素活性,因此其在环境介质和人体组织中的残留、污染和毒性受到广泛关注。本文综述了parabens在体外暴露(食品、药品、化妆品、空气、灰尘、水和土壤)和体内暴露(血液、尿液、脂肪组织)方面的最新研究进展,总结了不同环境介质和人体组织中parabens的含量水平以及暴露量,对体外暴露和体内暴露进行了比较,探讨了parabens人体暴露的主要途径。最后对parabens研究的发展趋势进行了展望。

Parabens （p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters） which have been widely applied in the processing of foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics for more than 50 years, include methyl-paraben, ethyl-paraben, propyl-paraben, butyl-paraben, heptyl-paraben and benzyl-paraben. The major metabolite of parabens in human body is p- hydroxybenzoic acid. Nowadays, these chemicals are commonly detected in blood and urine samples. Recent studies show that the happening of breast cancer is likely related to parabens. Animal experiments indicated that parabens maybe have estrogen activities. Therefore the occurrence, pollution, and toxicity of parabens in environment and human tissue attracted much more attention recently. Publications on parabens in environment matrix （external exposure routes） and human tissues （internal exposure） are comprehensively reviewed in this review. Firstly, the concentrations of parabens in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, air, dust, water and soil are summarized, and the dose of external exposure is estimated accordingly. Then, the published concentrations of parabens in human blood, urine and adipose tissue are applied for the estimation of internal exposure. The external exposure dose and the internal exposure dose are compared and discussed, which provide the new insightinto the main exposure route of parabens for general population. Finally, the critical areas of research on parabens that warrant further attention are discussed.